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D. There were reports that Turkey’s intelligence agency helped ship arms to Islamic State militants fighting the governments in Syria and Iraq which is also on Turkey’s southern border. The United States upset Turkey by arming Kurdish forces who did much of the fighting against the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq. Ethnic Kurds, including those in Turkey, want to establish a separate nation.
C. NATO was formed after World War II to defend Europe against any threat from the Russian-led Soviet Union. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan recently has drawn closer to Russian President Vladimir Putin, and his nation is buying a missile system from Russia. After Trump announced the tariff increase, Erdogan spoke on the phone to Putin to discuss closer economic ties.
B. The Ottoman Empire controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. The Ottoman Empire was formed by Turks who had migrated from Central Asia to and conquered the Anatolian Peninsula. The peninsula was ruled by Persian, Greek, Roman and Byzantine empires before the arrival of the Turks.
A. Unmarked Russian troops and local ethnic Russian militias seized the Crimean Peninsula from Ukraine in 2014, and Russia later annexed the territory. The old Russian Empire took Crimea from the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. Crimea was part of Ukraine when the nation gained independence in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union.